Quiz: Physiology

Regarding dead space one of the following is correct.

A A- It increases by vagal stimulation. B B- Decreased with aging, C C- Physiological dead space equals to alveolar dead space. D D- The alveolar dead space always pathological.

2-Concerning pulmonary surfactant which of the following is correct?

A A- It is formed by vascular endothelium of pulmonary capillaries. B B- Secreted by type II alveolar epithelium. C C- It is composed of protein only. D D- It increases the surface tension of alveolar fluid.

3- Oxygen therapy is most beneficial in which of the following situations normal lung function?

A A. Cyanide poisoning B B. High altitude. C C. Anemia. D D. CO2 retention.

4 -Regarding lung compliance one of the following is correct

A A. Increased with pulmonary fibrosis . B B. Decreased in emphysema . C C. Increased in pneumothorax . D D. Decreased with pulmonary congestion.

5- Which of this statement! about intrapulmonary pressure and intraoral pressure Is true.

A a. The intrapulmonary pressure is always sub atmospheric. B b. The intrapleural pressure is always greater than the intrapulmonary pressure. C c. The intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the intrapleural pressure. D d. The intrapleural pressure equals the atmospheric pressure

6. Which of these would be most affected by a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A A. Arterial P O 2 B B. Arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation C C. Venous oxyhemoglobin saturation. D D. Arterial P CO 2

7. If a person with normal lung function were to hyperventilate for several seconds, there would be a significant

A a. increase in the arterial P O 2. B b. decrease in the arterial P CO 2. C c. increase in the arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation. D d. decrease in the arterial pH.

9 -The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen fa decreased under conditions of

A b. fever . B c. anemia . C d. acclimatization to a high altitude . D e. All of these .

10 .The chemoreceptors in the medulla are directly stimulated by

A a. CO2 from the blood . B b. H+ from the blood . C c. c. H+ in cerebrospinal fluid that is derived from blood CO2 . D d. decreased arterial P 0 2

11). Concerning expiration in normal quiet respiration which of the following is correct

A A- Caused by contraction of external intercostal muscles . B B- Makes the intrapleural pressure more negative . C C- It is an active process . D D- Makes the intrapleural pressure less negative .

12 -Regarding lung volumes and capacities one of the following is correct .

A A- Not all lung volumes can be measured by spirometers . B B- Tidal volume equal to 800 ml in adult man . C C- Vital capacity equals to tidal volume + residual volume . D D- Residual volume equals to 1200 ml .

13 -Concerning hypoxia which of the following is correct ?

A A- Carbon monoxide poisoning causes anemic hypoxia . B B- Oxygen therapy is very useful in histotoxic hypoxia . C C- The arterial 02 content in anemic hypoxia is normal . D D- Heart failure can cause hypoxic hypoxia .

14 -Regarding Orthopnea one of the following is correct .

A A- Caused by decrease pulmonary blood flow . B B- Caused by right heart failure . C C- Caused by chronic obstructive lung disease . D D- Caused by left ventricular failure .

15 -Concerning work of breathing which of the following is correct ?

A A- Decreased in bronchial asthma . B B- Decreased in lung fibrosis , C C- Increased with increasing compliance . D D- Decreased with increasing surfactant.

16 -Regarding Caissons disease one of the following is correct

A A- Results from sudden compression . B B- Reused spontaneously without treatment . C C- Causes pain in joint and muscles . D D- Caused by excessive solubility of carbon dioxide .

17 -Concerning regulation of arterial blood pressure which of the following is correct ?

A A- CNS ischemic response concerned with long term mechanism . B B- Respiratory reflexes concerned with short term mechanism . C C- The arterial baroreceptors concerned with intermediate term mechanism . D D- The renin-angiotensin system concerned with intermediate and longterm mechanism .

18 - -The physiological dead space is :

A A. Sometimes measured using the arterial po2 . B B. Generally smaller than the anatomic dead space . C C. Often increased in lung disease . D D. Equal to alveolar dead space .

19 - Stagnant hypoxia is due to :

A A. Ascending to high altitude . B B. CO poisoning C C. An increase in blood flow . D D. A decrease in blood flow .

20 -Which of the following is NOT a function of the lungs ?

A A. Metabolism B B. Sen es as a reservoir of blood for the left ventricle . C C. it is a filter to protect the systemic vasculature. or Facilitates the exchange of 02 and C02 between air and blood . D All of the above are true

21 .Which of the following is the first branching of the bronchial tree that has gas exchanging capabilities ?

A A. Terminal bronchioles . B B. Respiratory bronchioles . C C Alveoli D E. segmental bronchi

22.Which of the following represents the pressure difference that acts to distend the lungs?

A 4 Alveolar pressure B Airway opening pressure C C Transthoracic pressure D Transpulmonary pressure

23. If a patient had a progressive lung disease that required an ever increasing pressure to fill the same volume of lung, how would the lung’s compliance be affected?

A A. It would increase it. B 3. It would stay the same. C C. It would decrease it. D D. These variables do not affect lung compliance.

24. An asthma sufferer finds she has to breathe at twice her normal rate. How does that affect her dynamic compliance?

A A. It stays the same. B B. It decreases. C C. It increases. D Static compliance, not dynamic, is the variable affected by asthma.

1-Regarding dead space one of the following is correct.

A A- It increases by vagal stimulation B B- Decreased with aging, C C- Physiological dead space equals to alveolar dead space. D D- The alveolar dead space always pathological.

2-Concerning pulmonary surfactant which of the following is correct?

A A- It increases by vagal stimulation B B- Secreted by type II alveolar epithelium. C C- It is composed of protein only. D D- It increases the surface tension of alveolar fluid.

3- Oxygen therapy is most beneficial in which of the following situations normal lung function?

A A. Cyanide poisoning B B. High altitude. C C. Anemia. D D. CO2 retention.

4- Regarding lung compliance one of the following is correct

A A. Increased with pulmonary fibrosis . B B. Decreased in emphysema . C C. Increased in pneumothorax . D D. Decreased with pulmonary congestion.

5- Which of this statement! about intrapulmonary pressure and intraoral pressure Is true.

A a. The intrapulmonary pressure is always sub atmospheric. B b. The intrapleural pressure is always greater than the intrapulmonary pressure. C c. The intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the intrapleural D d. The intrapleural pressure equals the atmospheric pressure.

6. Which of these would be most affected by a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A A. Arterial P O 2 B B. Arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation C C. Venous oxyhemoglobin saturation. D D. Arterial PCO2

7. If a person with normal lung function were to hyperventilate for several seconds, there would be a significant

A a. increase in the arterial P O 2. B b. decrease in the arterial P CO 2. C c. increase in the arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation. D d. decrease in the arterial pH.

8. If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero

A a. pneumothorax has probably occurred. B b. the lungs cannot inflate. C c. clastic recoil causes the lungs to collapse. D d. all of these apply.

9- The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen fa decreased under conditions of

A a. acidosis B b. fever C c. anemia D d. all of these

10 .The chemoreceptors in the medulla are directly stimulated by

A a. CO2 from the blood . B b. H+ from the blood . C c. H+ in cerebrospinal fluid that is derived from blood CO2 . D d. decreased arterial P 0 2

11). Concerning expiration in normal quiet respiration which of the following is correct

A A- Caused by contraction of external intercostal muscles . B B- Makes the intrapleural pressure more negative . C C- It is an active process . D D- Makes the intrapleural pressure less negative .

12- Regarding lung volumes and capacities one of the following is correct .

A A- Not all lung volumes can be measured by spirometers . B B- Tidal volume equal to 800 ml in adult man . C C- Vital capacity equals to tidal volume + residual volume . D D- Residual volume equals to 1200 ml .

13- Concerning hypoxia which of the following is correct ?

A A- Carbon monoxide poisoning causes anemic hypoxia . B B- Oxygen therapy is very useful in histotoxic hypoxia . C C- The arterial 02 content in anemic hypoxia is normal . D D- Heart failure can cause hypoxic hypoxia .

14- Regarding Orthopnea one of the following is correct

A A- Caused by decrease pulmonary blood flow B B- Caused by right heart failure C C- Caused by chronic obstructive lung disease D D- Caused by left ventricular failure

15- Concerning work of breathing which of the following is correct ?

A A- Decreased in bronchial asthma B B- Decreased in lung fibrosis C C- Increased with increasing compliance D D- Decreased with increasing surfactant

16- Regarding Caissons disease one of the following is correct

A A- Results from sudden compression . B B- Reused spontaneously without treatment . C C- Causes pain in joint and muscles D D- Caused by excessive solubility of carbon dioxide

17- Concerning regulation of arterial blood pressure which of the following is correct ?

A A- CNS ischemic response concerned with long term mechanism . B B- Respiratory reflexes concerned with short term mechanism . C C- The arterial baroreceptors concerned with intermediate term mechanism . D D- The renin-angiotensin system concerned with intermediate and longterm mechanism .

18- -The physiological dead space is :

A A. Sometimes measured using the arterial po2 . B B. Generally smaller than the anatomic dead space . C C. Often increased in lung disease . D D. Equal to alveolar dead space .

19 - Stagnant hypoxia is due to :

A A. Ascending to high altitude B B. CO poisoning C C. An increase in blood flow . D D. A decrease in blood flow .

20- Which of the following is NOT a function of the lungs ?

A A. Metabolism B B. Sen es as a reservoir of blood for the left ventricle . C C. it is a filter to protect the systemic vasculature. D D. AU of the abo\e are true .

21 .Which of the following is the first branching of the bronchial tree that has gas exchanging capabilities ?

A A.Surfactant B B. Respiratory bronchioles . C C Alveoli D E. segmental bronchi

22.Which of the following represents the pressure difference that acts to distend the lungs?

A A.Alveolar pressure B B. Airway opening pressure. C C. Transthoracic pressure D d.Transpulmonary pressure

23. If a patient had a progressive lung disease that required an ever increasing pressure to fill the same volume of lung, how would the lung’s compliance be affected?

A A. It would increase it. B B.It would stay the same. C C. It would decrease it. D D. These variables do not affect lung compliance.

24. An asthma sufferer finds she has to breathe at twice her normal rate. How does that affect her dynamic compliance?

A A. It stays the same. B B. It decreases. C C. It increases. D D. Static compliance, not dynamic, is the variable affected by asthma.

25. According to the Law of Laplace, air should flow from the smaller alveoli to the larger, collapsing them. In the lungs, several factors counter that tendency, and stabilize the alveolar structures. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A A.Surfactant lowers surface tension to a greater degree when it is on a smaller surface area, allowing the smaller alveoli to stay open. B B. Mechanical stability is given by surrounding alveoli. C C. Transpulmonary pressure is lower for smaller alveoli, allowing them to stabilize in comparison to the bigger ones. D D. Surface tension at the gas-liquid interface increases as alveolar surface area increases.

26. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the production and role of lung surfactant?

A A. It is part of a lipoprotein called dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline. B B. It is synthesized by alveolar type U cells. C C. As the alveolar surface area decreases during the compression curve, the surfactant decreases the surface tension at a constant rate. D d- When surfactant density is decreased during expansion, surface tension initially rises rapidly, then slows down until it reaches the starting point.

27. Which of the following is NOT true concerning Respiratory distress in premature infants?

A A. Their ability to synthesize DPPC is limited. B B. Higher pressures are required to ventilate the lung. C C. Lung compliance is low. D D. Alveoli tend to overexpand and sometimes burst at the end of inspiration.

28- Features of mild carbon monoxide poisoning include-

A a) decreased arterial PO2 B b) decreased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. C c) increased alveolar ventilation. D d) decreased arterial O 2 concentration.

29- Stagnant hypoxia is due to:

A a) ascending to high altitude. B b) CO poisoning C c) an increase in blood flow. D d) a decrease in blood flow.

30-In a patient with stable chronic lung disease elevated PaCO2 and decrease PaO2:

A a) CSF pH is near the normal value (7.32). B b) the ventilator response to CO2 is reduced. C c) changes in PaO2 are more important in determining the level of the ventilation that in normal people. D d) arterial [H+] is slightly above normal.

31- Which of the following is the first branching of the bronchial tree that bak gas exchanging capabilities?

A a) terminal bronchioles. B b) respiratory bronchioles. C c) trachea. D d) two main bronchi.

32- Which of the following could NOT be part of respiratory

A a) alveolar sacs. B b) alveolar ducts C c) terminal bronchioles. D d) respirator)

33- Which of the following concerning average lung volumes a person at rest is TRUE.

A a) TLOVC>TV>FRC. B b) TLOFROVOTV. C c) TLC>VC>FRC>TV. D d) TLC>FRC>TV>VC.

34. Which of the following docs NOT happen during inspiration?

A a- The ribs move upward. B b) The diaphragm lifts up. C c)The transverse dimensions of the thorax are increased. D d)The Antero -posterior dimensions of the chest are increased.

During inspiration how docs alveolar pressure compare to atmospheric pressure?

A a) Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric. B b) Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric. C c) Alveolar pressure is the same as atmospheric. D d)Alveolar pressure is one of the few pressures where the reference pressure is not atmospheric.

36-Which of the following represent the pressure difference that acts to distend the lungs?

A a) Alveolar pressure B b) Airway opening pressure. C c)Tran thoracic pressure D d)Tran pulmonary pressure.

37- Which of the following is NOT true concerning respiratory' distress syndrome in premature infants

A a) Their ability to synthesize surfactant is limited B b) Higher pressures are required to ventilate the lungs. C c) Lung compliance is low. D d) Alveoli tend to overexpand and sometimes burst at the end of inspiration.

38- Which of the following is NOT a function of dead space?

A a) Warms expired air to body temperature. B b) Saturates inspired air with water vapor. C c) Removes bacteria and other particulate matter. D d) Conducts the warmed air to the respiratory membranes.

39- Which of the following definitions is FALSE?

A a) 02 content of blood is the actual amount of 02 in one deciliter of blood. B b) 02 saturation of blood is the ratio of 02 content to its 02 capacity. C c) The 02-uptake curve of blood is the functional relationship between 02content and PO2 D d) The 02 content of blood depends completely on the amount of Hb in the blood

40 Forced expiration requires contraction of:

A a) The internal intercostals. B b) The diaphragm. C c) The abdominal muscles. D d) All of e above.

41-The affinity of Hb for 02 is influenced by:

A a) PH. B b) Temperature. C c) Concentration of 2,3, DPG. D d) All of the above.

42 Dyspnea is usually present when the dyspneic index is

A a) Less than 90%. B b) Less than 80%. C c) Less than 70%. D d) Less than 60%.

43- The solubility of CO2 in the blood is about:

A a) 0,5 times that of 02. B b) 2 limes that of 02. C c) 20 times that of 02. D d) 10 times that 02.

44- Decompression sickness or Caisson’s disease is due to bubbling of:

A a) Oxygen in the tissues. B b) CO2 in the tissue. C c) Hydrogen in the tissues. D d) Nitrogen in the tissues.

45-Compensatory mechanism due to acclimatization at high attitude involves:

A a) Increased alveolar ventilation. B b) Increased production of red blood cells. C c) Production of alkaline urine. D d) All of the above.

46-In histotoxic hypoxia:

A a) 02 tension in blood is low. B b) 02 content C c) 02 utilization by tissues is excessive. D d) 02 utilization by tissues is defective.

47- Chemical regulation of respiration is maximally affected by

A a) 02. B b) C02. C c) Bicarbonate. D d) Lactic acid.

48- Respiration during exercise is regulated by:

A a) Cerebral cortex. B b) Hypoxia in the muscles. C c) Joint proprioceptors. D d) All of the above.

49- The respiratory center:

A a) Is situated in the reticular substance of lower part of pons B b) Is influenced by higher centers. C c) Is inhibited during swallowing. D d) AH of the above statements are true.

50- Hering-Breuer reflex is activated during:

A a) Early inspiration. B b) Maximal inspiration. C c) Late expiration. D d) None of the above.

51- Which of the following is FALSE concerning the airflow in the lungs?

A A. During inspiration and expiration, the flow in the trachea and larger bronchi is turbulent. B B. Towards the middle of the bronchial tree, the flow is turbulent at the branches and laminar in between. C C. Nearthe end of the bronchial tree, the flow is laminar. D D. The acini have very small radii which significantly increases the total air flow resistance of the bronchial tree.

52- Which of the following is NOT true at FRC?

A A. It is about 75% TLC. B B. The elastic recoil of the chest wall is outward. C C. The elastic recoil of the lung is inward. D D. The relaxation pressure of the lung and chest wall combined is at atmospheric pressure.

53- Which of the following is FALSE concerning airway resistance?

A A. Up to 50% is in the nose. B B. The maximum resistance in the bronchial tree occurs at the fourth generation. C C. In the later generations, the radii are smaller, increasing the total resistance at each successive generation. D D. Airway resistance can be increased by loss of tissue elasticity and contraction of bronchial smooth muscles.

54- Which of the following is FALSE concerning the effect of effort on airflow and volume during inspiration and expiration?

A A. During inspiration, greater effort always results in greater flow. B B. Peak expiratory flow occurs at the beginning of expiration. C C. At low and moderate lung volumes, the greater the effort above threshold, the greater the airflow in expiration. D D. Portions of the expiration curve are effort independent.

55- Which of the following does NOT apply to the alveoli at the base of the lung

A A. They are less elastic than the alveoli at the apex. B B. The pleural pressure is lower C C. At FRC they are less inflated than the alveoli at the apex. D D. They are closed at RV.

56. Which of the following is TRUE if a patient breathes slower than normal with increased tidal volumes?

A A. More resistive work is done. B B. The total work done decreases. C C. More elastic work is done. D D. Compliance is decreased.

57- A 140 lb. woman would have approximately how much dead space in her lungs?

A A. 140 ml. B B. 70 ml. C C. 280 ml. D D - 35 ml

58- If a patient's blood carries 10 grams of Hb per deciliter, what is the 02 carrying capacity of his blood?

A A. 18 milliliters per deciliter. B B. 20 milliliters per deciliter. C C. 10 milliliters per deciliter. D D. 13 milliliters per deciliter.

59- Which of the following definitions is FALSE?

A A. 02 content of blood is the actual amount of 02 in one deciliter of blood. B B. 02 saturation of blood is the ratio of 02 content to its 02 capacity. C C. The 02-dissociation curve of blood is the functional relationship between 02 content and PO2. D D. The 02 content of blood depends completely on the amount of Hb in the blood.

60- The partial pressure of 02 in arterial blood is:

A a) 46 mm Hg. B b) 40 mm Hg. C c) 95 mm Hg. D d) 130 mm Hg.

61- Acute hypoxia has all these effects, EXCEPT?

A a) Hyperventilation. B b) Bone marrow stimulation. C c) Vasoconstriction in tissues. D d) Cardiac stimulation.

62- Normal arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) is.:

A a 38 mmHg. B b) 46mmHg. C c) 52 mmHg. D d) 40 mmHg.

63- Cheyne-stokes breathing apnea results from:

A a) Hypoxia. B b) Hypercapnia. C c) Acidosis. D d) Hypocapnia.

65-In airway obstruction, which of these occurs:

A a) The FEVl is prolonged. B b) The residual volume is increased. C c) Both. D d) Neither.

66- Haldane effect relates:

A a) CO2 uptake on 02 dissociation. B b) 02 dissociation on CO2 uptake. C c) 02 uptake and 2,3 DPG. D d) 02 delivery and (H+).

67-Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in:

A a) Carotid sinus. B b) Aortic sinus. C c) Aortic body. D d) A and C.

68- Which of the following has the greatest effect on the ability of blood to transport oxygen?

A a) capacity of the blood to dissolve oxygen. B b) amount of hemoglobin in the blood. C c) pH of plasma. D d) C02 content of red blood cells.

69-An increase in which of the following increases the O 3 affinity of hemoglobin?

A A) Temperature. B b) Carbon monoxide added to the blood. C c) H+ concentration. D d) 2,3-DPG.

70-The physiological dead space is:

A a) Sometimes measured using the arterial PO B b) Generally smaller than the anatomic dead space C c) Often increased in lung disease. D d) Equal to alveolar dead space.

71- Which of the following is NOT a form by which C02 Can transmitted the blood?

A a) As bicarbonate. B B) dissolved in C c) Bound to the amino end groups in proteins. D d) Bound to glucose

72- It is correct to say:

A a) the peripheral chemoreceptors are mainly stimulated by B b) the intrapleural pressure is positive during inspiration C c) CO2 is transported mainly as carbonic acid. D d) compliance of the lung is greater when the breath near the f

73- Which of the following is the primary regulating variable of risk central chemoreceptors?

A a) PaO2 B b) PaCO2. C c) arterial pH. D d) Input from stretch receptors.

74-Which of the following pairs is NOT a pulmonary mechanoreceptor patient To a possible stimulus?

A a) Stretch receptor inflation. B b) Irritant receptor inhaled dust. C c) Juxta capillary receptors decreases interstitial fluid volume in alveolar D d) Bronchial C receptors large inflations.

75-Carbon dioxide carriage:

A a) 25% dissolved. B b) 10% carbamino. C c) 65% bicarbonate. D d) 100% bicarbonate

76-Factors that favor formation of carbamino-hemoglobin

A a) carbonic anhydrase. B b) a decrease in oxygen tension. C c) an increase in oxygen tension. D d) none of the above.

77-In a normal healthy individual, the physiological dead space is:

A a) More than anatomic dead space. B b) Less than anatomic dead space. C c) Equal to anatomic dead space. D d) None of the above.

78- Total lung capacity:

A a) Tidal volume + residual volume. B b) Residual volume + Vital capacity. C c) Inspiratory capacity + residual volume. D d) Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume.

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