2. Glucose in oral rehydration solution (ORS) is added to:

3. Drug therapy in diarrhea:

4. All the following are manifestations of hypokalemia, except:

5. Manifestations of dehydration include all the following except:

6. Causes of metabolic acidosis include all the following, except:

7. Hypotonic dehydration is characterized by:

S. Which of the following is true in cases of hypotonic dehydration:

9. Post-enteritis (persistent) diarrhea maybe caused by all the following, except:

10. A 4 kg infant with severe dehydration (10% loss of his body weight) needs the following amount of intravenous fluid in the first 24 hours:

11. Persistent diarrhea is a term that describes diarrhea lasting for more than:

12. Which of the following pathogens cause entero-invasive diarrhea:

13. 1-month-old boy is brought to emergency department by his mother, who states that he has projectile vomiting for the past several days. She states that he vomits every time she feeds him and his vomitus is non-bilious. On examination, the infant is mildly dehydrated and there is a palpable firm movable mass in the right upper quadrant. I. The most likely diagnosis is:

IL Expected findings do not include:

14. A 5-week-old male presented with projectile vomiting after feeding and poor weight gain. On examination, visible peristalsis seen as a wave moving from left to right across the abdomen.I. The most likely diagnosis:

IL The recommended initial treatment is:

15. The function of glucose in oral rehydration solution (ORS) is to:

16. A 5-week-old boy presents to clinic with vomiting for the last 2 weeks. He is not gaining weight properly. The mother states that the vomiting is projectile, non-bilious but she feels that he has a good suck and swallow. Examination revealed an olive-like mass felt to the right of the umbilicus. One of the following is not expected in this patient:

17. Watery diarrhea is commonly caused by which of the following:

18. The pathogenesis of persistent diarrhea includes all the following, except:

19. Persistent diarrhea:

20. 1-year-old girl was brought to ER with temperature of 39oC, watery diarrhea (6 times in the last 24 hours) and vomiting (4 times in the last 24 hours). On examination, the girl has sunken eyes, lost skin turgor, mottling, cold extremities and capillary refill time was 7 seconds. Serum electrolytes: Na+ 140 mEq/L and K+ 4 mEq/L. Normal serum potassium is 3.5-5mEq/L. I. The most appropriate diagnosis is:

IL Which of the following is not expected in this child:

21. A 5-week-old infant was brought to the pediatrician because of what was described by the mother as persistent vomiting that started at the age of 2 weeks. The vomiting used to be forceful and white-yellow in color. It follows every meal. Revising the weight of the child, it was found to be 3400 gm at birth, 3350 gm at the age of 2 weeks, 3000 gm at the age of 4 weeks. An oval mass could be palpated in the right upper quadrant of abdomenI. The most likely diagnosis is:

IL Which of the following is likely in this child:

22. A one year old presented to the emergency room with severe colicky abdominal pains associate with vomiting and bleeding per rectum. PR examination by the surgeon revealed a mass and blood on the finger on withdrawal. What is the most likely diagnosis

23. Painful oral ulcers include:

24. Monilial stomatitis is characterized by which of the following:

25. Possible complications of severe gastroenteritis include all the following, except:

27. One of the following is suggestive of organic origin of abdominal pain:

28. Recurrent abdominal pain may occur in all of the following except:

29. Features suggestive of an acute surgical abdomen in a 1-year-old infant include all except:

30. A previously healthy 7-year-old girl comes to the office with complaints of episodic abdominal pain over the past several months. The pain is periumbilical that doesn’t wake her from sleep or interfere with play. She has no fever, joint complaints or constipation or diarrhea. Growth and development have been normal. The physical examination is within normal limitsI. The most likely diagnosis is:.

IL The most appropriate next step is:

31. A 2-year-old boy is seen casualty with the complaint of significant abdominal distention. According to the mother the condition started 20 hours ago with what she describes as severe paroxysms of colic accompanied by loud crying. This was associated with repetitive vomiting. The vomitus is bile stained and stool contains blood and mucusI. The most likely diagnosis is: .

II. One of the following can’t be present:

32. A 10-day old male presents with bilious emesis. What is the most likely diagnosis:

33. A 21-month-old is seen because of intermittent abdominal pain that causes him to become still while drawing up his legs. He also presents with irritability & vomiting that initially was clear then become bilious. The child is lethargic between the pain episodes and he passes dark red stool. Abdomen is mildly tender with an ill-defined mass in upper right quadrant. What is most likely diagnosis:

34. A 1-day-old male born at home is brought to the ER because of bilious vomiting, irritability, poor feeding, lethargy and an acute onset of rectal bleeding. Examination shows a temperature of 38°C, pulse of 170, evidence of poor perfusion and a distended abdomen. What is the most appropriate next step in management:

35. Complications of gastroenteritis include all, except:

36. Which is true about acidosis following severe gastroenteritis:

37. A mother complained that her 2-month old boy is not putting on weight because he has persistent projectile vomiting that follows each meal. On examination, there was an olive like mass on palpating his upper abdomen. What is your diagnosis?

38. What investigation do you recommend?

39. Causes of non-infective diarrhea include all except:

40. Which of the following maybe a pre-renal cause for acute renal failure:

41. The commonest electrolyte and acid/base disturbance in acute diarrhea include all the following, except:

42. All the following are expected in hypertonic dehydration, except:

43. Watery diarrhea is caused by all except:

44. Causes of hypokalemia include:

45. Minimal fluid requirement of a 6-month-old infant with mild diarrhea is:

46. The solution that is used in the deficit therapy during IV rehydration of a patient with hyponatremic dehydration is glucose : saline:

47. Which of the following is not seen in an infant with intussusception:

48. Causes of chronic diarrhea include all except

49. A 2-year-old child with diarrhea of more than 1 month. I. The patient suffers from:

IL The cause of this condition maybe:

50. One of the following is correct about enterotoxigenic diarrhea:

51. A 3-weck-old, first born male infant is seen in casualty with the complaint of projectile vomiting which is not bile stained. He appears to be hungry all the lime and has lost weight since his 2 weeks checkup, blood gas analysis reveals metabolic alkalosis. I. What is the most likely diagnosis:

IL Diagnostic physical finding of this condition is:

52. Which of the following tends to cause bloody diarrhea:

53. One-year-child presented for the first time with bloody diarrhea. His pulse and blood pressure were normal. No other sites of bleeding. Examination revealed no abdominal masses. Your investigations should initially include all the following, except:

54. The common type of electrolyte acid-base disturbance in acute diarrhea except:

55. An important complication of pyloric stenosis is:

56. In viral gastroenteritis, which is not a common complication:

57. A 9-month-old child is referred with pallor, vomiting and diarrhea. He became unwell 48 hours ago and has rapidly deteriorated. He has wet his nappy once in the past 24 hours. He has cool mottled peripheries and a capillary refill time of 4 seconds. Pulses are equal in all 4 limbs. He responds weakly to voice. His abdomen is soft and skin turgor is reduced. I. What is the most likely type of shock:

II. What is the appropriate plan of therapy:

58. After reconstitution with water, potassium cone, in ORS is:

59. During rehydration of a child who weighs 17 kg, the amount of maintenance therapy will be:

60. Which of the following statements about congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is not true:

61. Ihe patient is described to be hypernatremic when his serum sodium is above:

62. During an acute attack of gastroenteritis, a 14 kg boy lost 520 gms of his weight, accordingly he is believed to be:

63. A 7 month old infant presented to your clinic with recurrent attacks of vomiting since age of 2 weeks. The child is still growing well and the mother state that condition is now improving. Diagnosis may be

64. During rehydration of a child who weighs 15 kg, the amount of maintenance therapy will be:

65. The patient is described to be hyponatremic when his serum sodium is below:

66. A 4-week-old first born male with vomiting is suspected of having pyloric stenosis. At the time you examine patient, physical examination results are normal. The best way to demonstrate abnormal findings is:

67. ORS is used for children with gastroenteritis, except:

68. Standard ORS contains:

69. A male infant (weight 4.2 kg) is admitted at age of 4 weeks with one week history of forceful vomiting after feeds. He is alert and eager for food but exhibits a loss of skin elasticity and has apparent distension in the left hypochondrium. I. What is the likely diagnosis:

IL Which of the following is true about this infant

70. Dysentery is caused by

71. During an acute attack of gastroenteritis, a 20 kg boy lost 700 gms of his weight, accordingly he is believed to be:

72. During an acute attack of gastroenteritis, a 16 kg boy lost 1280 gms of his weight, accordingly he is believed to be:

73. When serum sodium is 152 mEq/L, the patient is described to be:

74. Which of the following about CHPS is wrong:

75. After reconstitution with water, chloride cone, in ORS is:

25. Nocturnal enuresis include all, except:

1. All of the following are consequences of cholestasis except:

4. A 5 year old boy presented to ER with disturbed level of consciousness, persistent vomiting with blood-stained vomitus an—of 2 days duration. On examination, the lÄd & tender, anda oto ruises are seen scattered over his skin. Lab results showed elevated serum transferases (AST & ALT), elevated blood ammonia, low serum albumin, low blood sugar & (PT). I. Which of the following describes the current boy's situation?

Il. Reduction of blood ammonia can be achieved by all of the following except:

8.A 3-year-old girl presented to toxicology center after accidentally ingesting 12 tablets of (500 mg/tablet). On examination she had persistent vomiting, disturbed leve o consciousness, deeply yellow sclera and hematemesis. Urine is normal. I. The clinical data apparently caused:

Which of the following is not expected in this baby?

10. Important liver function includes:

14. Fulminant hepatitis is characterized by:

15. Hepatomegaly is not a feature of

16. One of the following is commonly seen in liver cell failure:

17. A 7-year-old boy presents with malaise, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and fever with chills for the past week. He has had tea-colored urine for one day. On examination, he is 'aundiced. There is tenderness in •ight hypochondrium and an enlarged soft liver about 3 cm below the right costal margin. Which of the following is an expected finding?

18. Liver cell failure is characterized by all the following, except

31. In Wilson disease, one of the following is not correct:

36. 6-week-old boy referred from the neonatologist to the hepatology clinic with a provisional diagnosis of prolon ed neonatal •aundice. According to the mother, the jaundice was recognized on of life. owever, she believes that in the last few weeks, the urine is getting darker, stool color is becoming moræe and the jaundice is becoming more intense. On examination, the liver is enlarged 4 cm below costal margin, but not tender. Total serum bilirubin was 16 mg/dl with 80% of the direct

Il. HIDA scan is used to

37. Serum ceruloplasmin and urinary copper excretion are done to diagnose